Introduction -- The Cognition of Homo neanderthalensis and H. Sapiens: Does the Use of Pigment Necessarily Imply Symbolic Thought? -- Comparisons between Individual, Imitative and Instructed Learning -- The Ability to Objectify Conventional Styles of Problem-Solving: A Hypothesis on the Difference in Learning Ability between Modern Humans and Neanderthals -- Cognitive Flexibility and Object-making in Baka Pygmy Children -- The Demonstration of Resilience in the Drawings of Baka Pygmy Children -- Social Learning, Trial-and-Error, and Creativity -- Experimental Studies of Modern Human Social and Individual Learning in an Archaeological Context: People Behave Adaptively, But within Limits -- Motion Analysis for Stone-Knapping of the Skilled Levallois Technique -- Daily Physical Activity and Time-Space Using of Pygmy Hunter-Gatherers' Children in Southeast Cameroon -- Estimation of the Period of Childhood and Child Growth Characteristics of Pygmy Hunter-Gatherers in Southeast Cameroon -- Interpretations of Practical Population Genetics Analyses of Genome-Wide SNP Data on Human Demography -- Functional Craniology, Human Evolution, and Anatomical Constraints in the Neanderthal Braincase -- Cerebral Sulci and Gyri Observed on Macaque Endocasts -- The Coronal Suture as an Indicator of the Caudal Border of the Monkey Prefrontal Cortex -- Application of Sliding Landmark Method for Morphological Analysis of Modern Japanese Neurocranial Shape -- A Geometric Morphometric Study of Neurocranial Shape Variations in the Crania of Modern Japanese -- Statistical Interpolation of Missing Parts in Human Crania Using Regularized Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis -- Transferring Semi-Landmarks by Minimizing Bending Energy on Surfaces -- CT Image Segmentation for Bone Structures Using Image-Based FEM -- Virtual Endocast of Qafzeh 9: A Preliminary Assessment of Right-Left Asymmetry -- Reconstruction of the Brain from Skull Fossils Using Computational Anatomy -- Integrated Analytical Scheme for Comparing Neanderthal’s Brain to Modern Human Brain Using Neuroimaging Techniques -- Cerebellar Size Estimation from Endocranial Measurements: An Evaluation Based on MRI Data -- Sense of Acceptance: Key Factor of Social Learning -- Brain Activation Related to the Imitative Learning of Bodily Actions Observed during the Construction of a Mousterian Stone Tool: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study -- Neural Substrates Associated with Motivation to Learn in Modern Humans.