Introduction -- PART I – Neural Networks Architectures and Their Theoretical Aspects -- Architectures of Artificial Neural Networks and Training Processes -- Perceptron Network and Learning Rule -- Adaline Network and Delta Rule -- Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) -- Radial Basis Function (RBF) -- Recurrent Neural Topologies and Hopfield Network -- Self-Organizing Maps and Kohonen Network -- Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) and Counter-Propagation Network -- Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) -- Part II – Artificial Neural Networks Applications in Problems of Engineering and Applied Sciences -- Coffee Global Quality Estimation Using Multilayer Perceptron -- Computer Network Traffic Analysis Using SNMP Protocol and LVQ Network -- Forecasting Stock Market Trends Using Recurrent Network -- System for Disease Diagnosis Using ART Network -- Adulterants Patterns Identification in Coffee Powder Using Self-Organizing Maps -- Disturbances Recognition Related to Electrical Power Quality Using PMC Network -- Mobile Robot Trajectory Control Using Fuzzy System and MLP Network -- Method to Tomatoes Classification Using Computer Vision and MLP Network -- Analysis of RBF and MLP Network Performance in Pattern Classification Problems -- Solving Constrained Optimization Problems Using Hopfield Network -- Conclusion.