This book is about China’s ambitions in its most complex and internationally visible space endeavor, namely its human space exploration programme. It provides a comprehensive reflection on China´s strategic direction and objectives in space, including in particular those set forth in its human spaceflight programme, and analyses the key domestic and external factors affecting the country’s presumed manned lunar ambitions. The objective of the book is to disentangle the opportunities and challenges China´s space ambitions are creating for other spacefaring nations, and for Europe in particular. It therefore includes an in-depth analysis of possible European postures towards China in space exploration, and seeks to stimulate a debate on future space strategies in the broader context of world politics.