About the Authors -- Other Wiley and IEEE Press Books on Related Topics -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 A Brief Introduction to Compression Theory -- 1.2 Introduction to Video Formats -- 1.3 Evolution of Video Compression Standards -- 1.3.1 The International Telecommunications Union's H.120 Standard -- 1.3.2 Joint Photographic Expert Group -- 1.3.3 The ITU H.261 Standard -- 1.3.4 The Motion Pictures Expert Group -- 1.3.5 The MPEG-2 Standard -- 1.3.6 The ITU H.263 Standard -- 1.3.7 The ITU H.263+/H.263++ Standards -- 1.3.8 The MPEG-4 Standard -- 1.3.9 The H.26L/H.264 Standard -- 1.4 Video Communications -- 1.5 Organisation of the Monograph -- I Video Codecs for HSDPA-Style Adaptive Videophones -- 2 Fractal Image Codecs -- 2.1 Fractal Principles -- 2.2 One-Dimensional Fractal Coding -- 2.2.1 Fractal Codec Design -- 2.2.2 Fractal Codec Performance -- 2.3 Error Sensitivity and Complexity -- 2.4 Summary and Conclusions -- 3 Low Bit-Rate DCT Codecs and HSDPA-Style Videophones -- 3.1 Video Codec Outline -- 3.2 The Principle of Motion Compensation -- 3.2.1 Distance Measures -- 3.2.2 Motion Search Algorithms -- 3.2.2.1 Full or Exhaustive Motion Search -- 3.2.2.2 Gradient-Based Motion Estimation -- 3.2.2.3 Hierarchical or Tree Search -- 3.2.2.4 Subsampling Search -- 3.2.2.5 Post-Processing of Motion Vectors -- 3.2.2.6 Gain-Cost-Controlled Motion Compensation -- 3.2.3 Other Motion Estimation Techniques -- 3.2.3.1 Pel-Recursive Displacement Estimation -- 3.2.3.2 Grid Interpolation Techniques -- 3.2.3.3 MC Using Higher Order Transformations -- 3.2.3.4 MC in the Transform Domain -- 3.2.4 Conclusion -- 3.3 Transform Coding -- 3.3.1 One-Dimensional Transform Coding -- 3.3.2 Two-Dimensional Transform Coding -- 3.3.3 Quantizer Training for Single-Class DCT -- 3.3.4 Quantizer Training for Multiclass DCT -- 3.4 The Codec Outline -- 3.5 Initial Intra-Frame Coding -- 3.6 Gain-Controlled Motion Compensation -- 3.7 The MCER Active/Passive Concept -- 3.8 Partial Forced Update of the Reconstructed Frame Buffers.

3.9 The Gain/Cost-Controlled Inter-Frame Codec -- 3.9.1 Complexity Considerations and Reduction Techniques -- 3.10 The Bit-Allocation Strategy -- 3.11 Results -- 3.12 DCT Codec Performance under Erroneous Conditions -- 3.12.1 Bit Sensitivity -- 3.12.2 Bit Sensitivity of Codec I and II -- 3.13 DCT-Based Low-Rate Video Transceivers -- 3.13.1 Choice of Modem -- 3.13.2 Source-Matched Transceiver -- 3.13.2.1 System 1 -- 3.13.2.1.1 System Concept -- 3.13.2.1.2 Sensitivity-Matched Modulation -- 3.13.2.1.3 Source Sensitivity -- 3.13.2.1.4 Forward Error Correction -- 3.13.2.1.5 Transmission Format -- 3.13.2.2 System 2 -- 3.13.2.2.1 Automatic Repeat Request -- 3.13.2.3 Systems 3¿́¿5 -- 3.14 System Performance -- 3.14.1 Performance of System 1 -- 3.14.2 Performance of System 2 -- 3.14.2.1 FER Performance -- 3.14.2.2 Slot Occupancy Performance -- 3.14.2.3 PSNR Performance -- 3.14.3 Performance of Systems 3¿́¿5 -- 3.15 Summary and Conclusions -- 4 Low Bit-Rate VQ Codecs and HSDPA-Style Videophones -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Codebook Design -- 4.3 The Vector Quantizer Design -- 4.3.1 Mean and Shape Gain Vector Quantization -- 4.3.2 Adaptive Vector Quantization -- 4.3.3 Classified Vector Quantization -- 4.3.4 Algorithmic Complexity -- 4.4 Performance under Erroneous Conditions -- 4.4.1 Bit-Allocation Strategy -- 4.4.2 Bit Sensitivity -- 4.5 VQ-Based Low-Rate Video Transceivers -- 4.5.1 Choice of Modulation -- 4.5.2 Forward Error Correction -- 4.5.3 Architecture of System 1 -- 4.5.4 Architecture of System 2 -- 4.5.5 Architecture of Systems 3¿́¿6 -- 4.6 System Performance -- 4.6.1 Simulation Environment -- 4.6.2 Performance of Systems 1 and 3 -- 4.6.3 Performance of Systems 4 and 5 -- 4.6.4 Performance of Systems 2 and 6 -- 4.7 Joint Iterative Decoding of Trellis-Based VQ-Video and TCM -- 4.7.1 Introduction -- 4.7.2 System Overview -- 4.7.3 Compression -- 4.7.4 Vector quantization decomposition -- 4.7.5 Serial concatenation and iterative decoding -- 4.7.6 Transmission Frame Structure.

4.7.7 Frame difference decomposition -- 4.7.8 VQ codebook -- 4.7.9 VQ-induced code constraints -- 4.7.10 VQ trellis structure -- 4.7.11 VQ Encoding -- 4.7.12 VQ Decoding -- 4.7.13 Results -- 4.8 Summary and Conclusions -- 5 Low Bit-Rate Quad-Tree-Based Codecs and HSDPA-Style Videophones. -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Quad-Tree Decomposition -- 5.3 Quad-Tree Intensity Match -- 5.3.1 Zero-Order Intensity Match -- 5.3.2 First-Order Intensity Match -- 5.3.3 Decomposition Algorithmic Issues -- 5.4 Model-Based Parametric Enhancement -- 5.4.1 Eye and Mouth Detection -- 5.4.2 Parametric Codebook Training -- 5.4.3 Parametric Encoding -- 5.5 The Enhanced QT Codec -- 5.6 Performance under Erroneous Conditions -- 5.6.1 Bit Allocation -- 5.6.2 Bit Sensitivity -- 5.7 QT-Codec-Based Video Transceivers -- 5.7.1 Channel Coding and Modulation -- 5.7.2 QT-Based Transceiver Architectures -- 5.8 QT-Based Video-Transceiver Performance -- 5.9 Summary of QT-Based Video Transceivers -- 5.10 Summary of Low-Rate Codecs/Transceivers -- II High-Resolution Video Coding -- 6 Low-Complexity Techniques -- 6.1 Differential Pulse Code Modulation -- 6.1.1 Basic Differential Pulse Code Modulation -- 6.1.2 Intra/Inter-Frame Differential Pulse Code Modulation -- 6.1.3 Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation -- 6.2 Block Truncation Coding -- 6.2.1 The Block Truncation Algorithm -- 6.2.2 Block Truncation Codec Implementations -- 6.2.3 Intra-Frame Block Truncation Coding -- 6.2.4 Inter-Frame Block Truncation Coding -- 6.3 Subband Coding -- 6.3.1 Perfect Reconstruction Quadrature Mirror Filtering -- 6.3.1.1 Analysis Filtering -- 6.3.1.2 Synthesis Filtering -- 6.3.1.3 Practical QMF Design Constraints -- 6.3.2 Practical Quadrature Mirror Filters -- 6.3.3 Run-Length-Based Intra-Frame Subband Coding. -- 6.3.4 Max-Lloyd-Based Subband Coding -- 6.4 Summary and Conclusions -- 7 High-Resolution DCT Coding -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Intra-Frame Quantizer Training -- 7.3 Motion Compensation for High-Quality Images.

7.4 Inter-Frame DCT Coding -- 7.4.1 Properties of the DCT transformed MCER -- 7.4.2 Joint Motion Compensation and Residual Encoding -- 7.5 The Proposed Codec -- 7.5.1 Motion Compensation -- 7.5.2 The Inter/Intra-DCT Codec -- 7.5.3 Frame Alignment -- 7.5.4 Bit-Allocation -- 7.5.5 The Codec Performance -- 7.5.6 Error Sensitivity and Complexity -- 7.6 Summary and Conclusions -- III H.261, H.263, H.264, MPEG2 and MPEG 4 forHSDPA-Style Wireless Video Telephony and DVB -- 8 H.261 for HSDPA-Style Wireless Video Telephony -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The H.261 Video Coding Standard -- 8.2.1 Overview -- 8.2.2 Source Encoder -- 8.2.3 Coding Control -- 8.2.4 Video Multiplex Coder -- 8.2.4.1 Picture Layer -- 8.2.4.2 Group of Blocks Layer -- 8.2.4.3 Macroblock Layer -- 8.2.4.4 Block Layer -- 8.2.5 Simulated Coding Statistics -- 8.2.5.1 Fixed-Quantizer Coding -- 8.2.5.2 Variable Quantizer Coding -- 8.3 Effect of Transmission Errors on the H.261 Codec -- 8.3.1 Error Mechanisms -- 8.3.2 Error Control Mechanisms -- 8.3.2.1 Background -- 8.3.2.2 Intra-Frame Coding -- 8.3.2.3 Automatic Repeat Request -- 8.3.2.4 Reconfigurable Modulations Schemes -- 8.3.2.5 Combined Source/Channel Coding -- 8.3.3 Error Recovery -- 8.3.4 Effects of Errors -- 8.3.4.1 Qualitative Effect of Errors on H.261 Parameters -- 8.3.4.2 Quantitative Effect of Errors on a H.261 Data Stream -- 8.3.4.2.1 Errors in an Intra-Coded Frame -- 8.3.4.2.2 Errors in an Inter-Coded Frame -- 8.3.4.2.3 Errors in Quantizer Indices -- 8.3.4.2.4 Errors in an Inter-Coded Frame withMotion Vectors -- 8.3.4.2.5 Errors in an Inter-Coded Frame at Low Rate -- 8.4 A Reconfigurable Wireless Videophone System -- 8.4.1 Introduction -- 8.4.2 Objectives -- 8.4.3 Bit-Rate Reduction of the H.261 Codec -- 8.4.4 Investigation of Macroblock Size -- 8.4.5 Error Correction Coding -- 8.4.6 Packetization Algorithm -- 8.4.6.1 Encoding History List -- 8.4.6.2 Macroblock Compounding -- 8.4.6.3 End of Frame Effect -- 8.4.6.4 Packet Transmission Feedback -- 8.4.6.5 Packet Truncation and Compounding Algorithms.

8.5 H.261-Based Wireless Videophone System Performance -- 8.5.2 System Performance -- 8.6 Summary and Conclusions -- 9 Comparison of the H.261 and H.263 Codecs -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The H.263 Coding Algorithms -- 9.2.1 Source Encoder -- 9.2.1.1 Prediction -- 9.2.1.2 Motion Compensation and Transform Coding -- 9.2.1.3 Quantization -- 9.2.2 Video Multiplex Coder -- 9.2.2.1 Picture Layer -- 9.2.2.2 Group of Blocks Layer -- 9.2.2.3 H.261 Macroblock Layer -- 9.2.2.4 H.263 Macroblock Layer -- 9.2.2.5 Block Layer -- 9.2.3 Motion Compensation -- 9.2.3.1 H.263 Motion Vector Predictor -- 9.2.3.2 H.263 Subpixel Interpolation -- 9.2.4 H.263 Negotiable Options -- 9.2.4.1 Unrestricted Motion Vector Mode -- 9.2.4.2 Syntax-Based Arithmetic Coding Mode -- 9.2.4.2.1 Arithmetic coding [1] -- 9.2.4.3 Advanced Prediction Mode -- 9.2.4.3.1 Four Motion Vectors per Macroblock -- 9.2.4.3.2 Overlapped Motion Compensation for Luminance -- 9.2.4.4 P-B Frames Mode -- 9.3 Performance Results -- 9.3.1 Introduction -- 9.3.2 H.261 Performance -- 9.3.3 H.261/H.263 Performance Comparison -- 9.3.4 H.263 Codec Performance -- 9.3.4.1 Gray-Scale versus Color Comparison -- 9.3.4.2 Comparison of QCIF Resolution Color Video -- 9.3.4.3 Coding Performance at Various Resolutions -- 9.4 Summary and Conclusions -- 10 H.263 for HSDPA-Style Wireless Video Telephony -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 H.263 in a Mobile Environment -- 10.2.1 Problems of Using H.263 in a Mobile Environment -- 10.2.2 Possible Solutions for Using H.263 in a Mobile Environment. -- 10.2.2.1 Coding Video Sequences Using Exclusively Intra-Coded Frames -- 10.2.2.2 Automatic Repeat Requests -- 10.2.2.3 Multimode Modulation Schemes -- 10.2.2.4 Combined Source/Channel Coding -- 10.3 Design of an Error-Resilient Reconfigurable Videophone System -- 10.3.1 Introduction -- 10.3.2 Controling the Bit Rate -- 10.3.3 Employing FEC Codes in the Videophone System -- 10.3.4 Transmission Packet Structure -- 10.3.5 Coding Parameter History List -- 10.3.6 The Packetization Algorithm.

10.3.6.1 Operational Scenarios of the Packetizing Algorithm -- 10.4 H.263-Based Video System Performance -- 10.4.1 System Environment -- 10.4.2 Performance Results -- 10.4.2.1 Error-Free Transmission Results -- 10.4.2.2 Effect of Packet Dropping on Image Quality -- 10.4.2.3 Image Quality versus Channel Quality without ARQ -- 10.4.2.4 Image Quality versus Channel Quality with ARQ -- 10.4.3 Comparison of H.263 and H.261-Based Systems -- 10.4.3.1 Performance with Antenna Diversity -- 10.4.3.2 Performance over DECT Channels -- 10.5 Transmission Feedback -- 10.5.1 ARQ Issues -- 10.5.2 Implementation of Transmission Feedback -- 10.5.2.1 Majority Logic Coding -- 10.6 Summary and Conclusions -- 11 MPEG-4 Video Compression -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Overview of MPEG-4 -- 11.2.1 MPEG-4 Profiles -- 11.2.2 MPEG-4 Features -- 11.2.3 MPEG-4 Object Based Orientation -- 11.3 MPEG-4 : Content-Based Interactivity -- 11.3.1 Video Object Plane Based Encoding -- 11.3.2 Motion and Texture Encoding -- 11.3.3 Shape Coding -- 11.3.3.1 VOP Shape Encoding -- 11.3.3.2 Gray Scale Shape Coding -- 11.4 Scalability of Video Objects -- 11.5 Video Quality Measures -- 11.5.1 Subjective Video Quality Evaluation -- 11.5.2 Objective Video Quality -- 11.6 Effect of Coding Parameters. -- 11.7 Summary and Conclusion -- 12 Comparative Study of the MPEG-4 and H.264 Codecs -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 The ITU-T H.264 Project -- 12.3 H.264 Video Coding Techniques -- 12.3.1 H.264 Encoder -- 12.3.2 H.264 Decoder -- 12.4 H.264 Specific Coding Algorithm -- 12.4.1 Intra-frame Prediction -- 12.4.2 Inter-frame Prediction -- 12.4.2.1 Block Sizes -- 12.4.2.2 Motion Estimation Accuracy -- 12.4.2.3 Multiple Reference Frame Selection for Motion Compensation -- 12.4.2.4 De-blocking Filter -- 12.4.3 Integer Transform -- 12.4.3.1 Development of the 4 4-pixel Integer DCT -- 12.4.3.2 Quantisation -- 12.4.3.3 The Combined Transform, Quantisation, Rescaling and Inverse Transform Process -- 12.4.3.4 Integer Transform Example.

12.4.4 Entropy Coding -- 12.4.4.1 Universal Variable Length Coding -- 12.4.4.2 Context-Based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding -- 12.4.4.3 H.264 Conclusion -- 12.5 Comparative Study of the MPEG-4 and H.264 Codecs -- 12.5.1 Introduction -- 12.5.2 Intra-frame Coding and Prediction -- 12.5.3 Inter-frame Prediction and Motion Compensation -- 12.5.4 Transform Coding and Quantisation -- 12.5.5 Entropy Coding -- 12.5.6 De-blocking Filter -- 12.6 Performance Results -- 12.6.1 Introduction -- 12.6.2 MPEG-4 Performance -- 12.6.3 H.264 Performance -- 12.6.4 Comparative Study -- 12.6.5 Summary and Conclusions -- 13 MPEG-4 Bitstream and Bit-Sensitivity Study -- 13.1 Motivation -- 13.2 Structure of Coded Visual Data -- 13.3 Visual Bitstream Syntax -- 13.3.1 Start Codes -- 13.4 Introduction to Error-Resilient Video Encoding -- 13.5 Error-Resilient Video Coding in MPEG-4 -- 13.6 Error Resilience Tools in MPEG-4 -- 13.6.1 Resynchronisation -- 13.6.2 Data Partitioning -- 13.6.3 Reversible Variable-Length Codes -- 13.6.4 Header Extension Code -- 13.7 MPEG-4 Bit-Sensitivity Study -- 13.7.1 Objectives -- 13.7.2 Introduction -- 13.7.3 Simulated Coding Statistics -- 13.7.4 Effects of Errors -- 13.8 Chapter Conclusions -- 14 HSDPA-Like and Turbo-Style Adaptive Single- and Multi-Carrier Video Systems -- 14.1 Turbo-equalised H.263-based videophony for GSM/GPRS -- 14.1.1 Motivation and Background -- 14.1.2 System Parameters -- 14.1.3 Turbo Equalization -- 14.1.4 Turbo-equalization Performance -- 14.1.4.1 Video Performance -- 14.1.4.2 Bit Error Statistics -- 14.1.5 Summary and Conclusions -- 14.2 HSDPA-Style Burst-by-burst Adaptive CDMA Videophony -- 14.2.1 Motivation and Video Transceiver Overview -- 14.2.2 Multimode Video System Performance -- 14.2.3 Burst-by-Burst Adaptive Videophone System -- 14.2.4 Summary and Conclusions -- 14.3 Adaptive Turbo-Coded OFDM-Based Videotelephony. -- 14.3.1 Motivation and Background -- 14.3.2 AOFDM Modem Mode Adaptation and Signaling -- 14.3.3 AOFDM Subband BER Estimation.

14.3.4 Video Compression and Transmission Aspects -- 14.3.5 Comparison of Subband-Adaptive OFDM and Fixed Mode -- OFDM Transceivers -- 14.3.6 Subband-Adaptive OFDM Transceivers Having Different Target Bit Rates -- 14.3.7 Time-Variant Target Bit Rate OFDM Transceivers -- 14.3.8 Summary and Conclusions -- 14.4 HSDPA-Style Adaptive TCM, TTCM and BICM for H.263 Video Telephony -- 14.4.1 Introduction -- 14.4.2 System Overview -- 14.4.2.1 System Parameters and Channel Model -- 14.4.3 Employing Fixed Modulation Modes -- 14.4.4 Employing Adaptive Modulation -- 14.4.4.1 Performance of TTCM AQAM -- 14.4.4.2 Performance of AQAMUsing TTCM, TCC, TCMand BICM -- 14.4.4.3 The Effect of Various AQAM Thresholds -- 14.4.5 TTCM AQAM in CDMA system -- 14.4.5.1 Performance of TTCM AQAM in CDMA system -- 14.4.6 Conclusions -- 14.5 Turbo-Detected MPEG-4 Video Using Multi-Level Coding, TCM and STTC -- 14.5.1 Motivation and Background -- 14.5.2 The Turbo Transceiver -- 14.5.2.1 Turbo Decoding -- 14.5.2.2 Turbo Benchmark Scheme -- 14.5.3 MIMO Channel Capacity -- 14.5.4 Convergence Analysis -- 14.5.5 Simulation results -- 14.5.6 Conclusions -- 14.6 Near-Capacity Irregular Variable Length Codes -- 14.6.1 Introduction -- 14.6.2 Overview of Proposed Schemes -- 14.6.2.1 Joint source and channel coding -- 14.6.2.2 Iterative decoding -- 14.6.3 Parameter Design for the Proposed Schemes -- 14.6.3.1 Scheme hypothesis and parameters -- 14.6.3.2 EXIT chart analysis and optimization -- 14.6.4 Results -- 14.6.4.1 Asymptotic performance following iterative decoding convergence -- 14.6.4.2 Performance during iterative decoding -- 14.6.4.3 Complexity analysis -- 14.6.5 Conclusions -- 14.7 Digital Terrestrial Video Broadcasting for Mobile Receivers -- 14.7.1 Background and Motivation -- 14.7.2 MPEG-2 Bit Error Sensitivity -- 14.7.3 DVB Terrestrial Scheme -- 14.7.4 Terrestrial Broadcast Channel Model -- 14.7.5 Data Partitioning Scheme -- 14.7.6 Performance of the Data Partitioning Scheme -- 14.7.7 Nonhierarchical OFDM DVBP Performance.

14.7.8 Hierarchical OFDM DVB Performance -- 14.7.9 Summary and Conclusions -- 14.8 Satellite-Based Video Broadcasting -- 14.8.1 Background and Motivation -- 14.8.2 DVB Satellite Scheme -- 14.8.3 Satellite Channel Model -- 14.8.4 The Blind Equalizers -- 14.8.5 Performance of the DVB Satellite Scheme -- 14.8.5.1 Transmission over the Symbol-Spaced Two-Path Channel -- 14.8.5.2 Transmission over the Two-Symbol Delay Two-Path Channel -- 14.8.5.3 Performance Summary of the DVB-S System -- 14.8.6 Summary and Conclusions -- 14.9 Summary and Conclusions -- 14.10Wireless Video System Design Principles. -- Glossary -- Bibliography -- Subject Index -- Author Index.