PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- INTRODUCTION -- Prelude and Basic Defi nitions -- The Advantages of Using Ultrasound in Medicine -- A General Statement on Safety -- Some Common Applications of Ultrasound -- What Is It that We Need to Know? -- References -- 1 WAVES-A GENERAL DESCRIPTION -- 1.1 General Defi nitions of Waves-A Qualitative Description -- 1.2 General Properties of Waves-A Qualitative Description -- -- 1.3 Mechanical One-Dimensional Waves -- 1.4 The Wave Function -- 1.5 The Wave Equation -- 1.6 Harmonic Waves -- 1.6.1 Equivalent Presentations -- 1.7 Group Waves -- 1.8 Wave Velocity -- 1.9 Standing Waves (a Mathematical Description) -- 1.10 Spherical Waves -- 1.11 Cylindrical Waves -- 1.12 The Wave Equation in a Nonhomogeneous Medium -- 2 WAVES IN A ONE-DIMENSIONAL MEDIUM -- 2.1 The Propagation Speed of Transverse Waves in a String -- 2.2 Vibration Frequencies for a Bounded String -- 2.3 Wave Refl ection (Echo) in a One-Dimensional Medium -- 2.4 Special Cases -- 2.5 Wave Energy in Strings -- 2.6 Propagation of Longitudinal Waves in an Isotropic Rod or String -- 2.7 A Clinical Application of Longitudinal Waves in a String -- 3 ULTRASONIC WAVES IN FLUIDS -- 3.1 Waves in Fluids -- 3.2 Compressibility -- 3.3. Longitudinal Waves in Fluids -- 3.4 The Wave Energy -- 3.5 Intensity -- 3.6 Radiation Pressure -- 3.7 A Perfect Reflector -- 4 PROPAGATION OF ACOUSTIC WAVES IN SOLID MATERIALS. -- 4.1 Introduction to the Mechanics of Solids -- 4.2 The Elastic Strain -- 4.3 Stress -- 4.4 Hooke's Law and Elastic Coefficients -- 4.5 The Wave Equation for an Elastic Solid Material -- 4.6 Propagation of a Harmonic Planar Wave in a Solid Material -- 5 ATTENUATION AND DISPERSION -- 5.1 The Attenuation Phenomenon -- 5.2 Explaining Attenuation with a Simple Model -- 5.3 Attenuation Dependency on Frequency -- 5.4 The Complex Wave Number -- 5.5 Speed of Sound Dispersion -- 5.6 The Nonlinear Parameter B/A -- 6 REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION -- 6.1 The Acoustic Impedance -- 6.2 Snell's Law.

6.3 Refl ection and Transmission from Boundaries Separating Two Fluids (or Solids with No Shear Waves) -- -- 6.4 Refl ection from a Free Surface in Solids (Mode Conversion) -- 6.5 Refl ection and Transmission from a Liquid- Solid Boundary -- 7 ACOUSTIC LENSES AND MIRRORS -- 7.1 Optics -- 7.2 Optics and Acoustics -- 7.3 An Ellipsoidal Lens -- 7.4 Spherical Lenses -- 7.5 Zone Lenses -- 7.6 Acoustic Mirrors (Focusing Reflectors) -- 8 TRANSDUCERS AND ACOUSTIC FIELDS -- 8.1 Piezoelectric Transducers -- 8.2 The Acoustic Field -- 8.3 The Field of a Point Source -- 8.4 The Field of a Disc Source -- 8.5 The Field of Various Transducers -- 8.6 Phased-Array Transducers -- 8.7 Annular Phased Arrays -- 9 ULTRASONIC IMAGING USING THE PULSE-ECHO TECHNIQUE -- 9.1 Basic Defi nitions in Imaging -- 9.2 The “A-Line” -- 9.3 Scatter Model for Soft Tissues -- 9.4 Time Gain Compensation -- 9.5 Basic Pulse-Echo Imaging (B-Scan) -- 9.6 Advanced Methods for Pulse-Echo Imaging -- 10 SPECIAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES. -- 10.1 Acoustic Impedance Imaging-Impediography -- 10.2 Elastography -- 10.3 Tissue Speckle Tracking -- 10.4 Through-Transmission Imaging -- 10.5 Vibro-acoustic Imaging -- 10.6 Time Reversal -- 10.7 Ultrasonic Computed Tomography -- 10.8 Contrast Materials -- 10.9 Coded Excitations -- References -- 11 DOPPLER IMAGING TECHNIQUES -- 11.1 The Doppler Effect -- 11.2 Velocity Estimation -- 11.3 Frequency Shift Estimation -- 11.4 Duplex Imaging (Combined B-Scan and Color Flow Mapping) -- References -- 12 SAFETY AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS -- 12.1 Effects Induced by Ultrasound and Safety -- 12.2 Ultrasonic Physiotherapy -- 12.3 Lithotripsy -- 12.4 Hyperthermia HIFU and Ablation -- 12.5 Drug Delivery -- 12.6 Gene Therapy -- 12.7 Cosmetic Applications -- APPENDIX A: TYPICAL ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF TISSUES -- -- APPENDIX B: EXEMPLARY PROBLEMS. -- APPENDIX C: ANSWERS TO EXEMPLARY PROBLEMS -- INDEX.