Preface xv -- Acknowledgments xix -- About the Author xxi -- INTRODUCTION 1 -- 1 PROPAGATION OF LIGHT IN UNGUIDED MEDIA 11 -- 1.1 Introduction 11 -- 1.2 Laser Beam Characteristics 12 -- 1.3 Atmospheric Layers 28 -- 1.4 Atmospheric Effects on Optical Signals 30 -- 1.5 Coding for Atmospheric Optical Propagation 44 -- 1.6 LIDAR 44 -- 2 FSO TRANSCEIVER DESIGN 51 -- 2.1 Introduction 51 -- 2.2 Light Sources 52 -- 2.3 Modulators 61 -- 2.4 Photodetectors and Receivers 63 -- 2.5 Optical Amplifi cation 70 -- 2.6 Optical Signal to Noise Ratio 76 -- 2.7 Acquisition, Pointing and Tracking 77 -- 2.8 Adaptive and Active Optics 83 -- 2.9 Laser Safety 86 -- 2.10 Node Housing and Mounting 87 -- 3 POINT-TO-POINT FSO SYSTEMS 91 -- 3.1 Introduction 91 -- 3.2 Simple PtP Design 93 -- 3.3 Point-to-Point with Transponder Nodes 98 -- 3.4 Hybrid FSO and RF 101 -- 3.5 FSO Point-to-Multipoint 102 -- 3.6 FSO Point-to-Mobile 103 -- 4 RING FSO SYSTEMS 106 -- 4.1 Introduction 106 -- 4.2 Ring Topologies and Service Protection 107 -- 4.3 Ring Nodes with Add-Drop 109 -- 4.4 Concatenated Rings 111 -- 4.5 Ring to Network Connectivity 111 -- 5 MESH FSO SYSTEMS 113 -- 5.1 Introduction 113 -- 5.2 FSO Nodes for Mesh Topology 114 -- 5.3 Hybrid Mesh-FSO with RF 120 -- 5.4 Hybrid FSO-Fiber Networks 121 -- 6 WDM MESH-FSO 124 -- 6.1 Introduction 124 -- 6.2 Light Attributes 125 -- 6.3 Optical Media 125 -- 6.4 Interaction of Light with Matter 127 -- 6.5 Medium Birefringence 133 -- 6.6 DWDM and CWDM Optical Channels 134 -- 6.7 WDM FSO Links 135 -- 6.8 WDM Mesh FSO Networks 135 -- 6.9 Service Protection in Mesh-FSO Networks 138 -- 6.10 WDM Mesh-FSO versus EM-Wireless 140 -- 7 INTEGRATING MESH-FSO WITH THE PUBLIC NETWORK 143 -- 7.1 Introduction 143 -- 7.2 The Ethernet Protocol 145 -- 7.3 The TCP/IP Protocol 151 -- 7.4 The ATM Protocol 154 -- 7.5 Wireless Protocols 158 -- 7.6 The Next Generation SONET/SDH Protocol 164 -- 7.7 Next Generation SONET/SDH Networks 170 -- 7.8 Next Generation Protocols 175 -- 7.9 The GMPLS Protocol 177.

7.10 The GFP Protocol 179 -- 7.11 The LCAS Protocol 184 -- 7.12 The LAPS Protocol 184 -- 7.13 Any Protocol over SONET/SDH 186 -- 8 FSO NETWORK SECURITY 191 -- 8.1 Introduction 191 -- 8.2 Cryptography 193 -- 8.3 Security Levels 194 -- 8.4 Security Layers 195 -- 8.5 FSO Inherent Security Features 198 -- 8.6 Conclusion 200 -- 9 FSO SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS 202 -- 9.1 Introduction 202 -- 9.2 FSO Networks for Highway Assisted Communications 203 -- 9.3 Mesh-FSO in Disaster Areas 203 -- 9.4 Visual Light Communication 204 -- 9.5 Conclusion 207 -- References 207 -- Acronyms 209 -- Index 218.