Preface and Acknowledgments xv -- 1 ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS 1 -- 1.1. Electric Networks 2 -- 1.1.1. Transmission Systems 4 -- 1.1.2. Distribution Systems 6 -- 1.2. Traditional Transmission Systems 6 -- 1.2.1. Substation Components 8 -- 1.2.2. Substations and Equipment 9 -- 1.2.3. Gas Insulated Switchgear 17 -- 1.2.4. Power System Operation in Steady-State Conditions 18 -- 1.2.5. Network Dynamic Operation (Transient Condition) 20 -- 1.3. Traditional Distribution Systems 20 -- 1.3.1. Distribution Feeder 21 -- 1.3.2. Residential Electrical Connection 24 -- 1.4. Intelligent Electrical Grids 26 -- 1.4.1. Intelligent High-Voltage Transmission Systems 26 -- 1.4.2. Intelligent Distribution Networks 28 -- 1.5. Exercises 28 -- 1.6. Problems 29 -- 2 ELECTRIC GENERATING STATIONS 30 -- 2.1. Fossil Power Plants 34 -- 2.1.1. Fuel Storage and Handling 34 -- 2.1.2. Boiler 35 -- 2.1.3. Turbine 41 -- 2.1.4. Generator and Electrical System 43 -- 2.1.5. Combustion Turbine 47 -- 2.1.6. Combined Cycle Plants 48 -- 2.2. Nuclear Power Plants 49 -- 2.2.1. Nuclear Reactor 50 -- 2.2.2. Pressurized Water Reactor 53 -- 2.2.3. Boiling Water Reactor 55 -- 2.3. Hydroelectric Power Plants 56 -- 2.3.1. Low Head Hydroplants 59 -- 2.3.2. Medium- and High-Head Hydroplants 60 -- 2.3.3. Pumped Storage Facility 62 -- 2.4. Wind Farms 63 -- 2.5. Solar Power Plants 66 -- 2.5.1. Photovoltaics 66 -- 2.5.2. Solar Thermal Plants 70 -- 2.6. Geothermal Power Plants 72 -- 2.7. Ocean Power 73 -- 2.7.1. Ocean Tidal 74 -- 2.7.2. Ocean Current 75 -- 2.7.3. Ocean Wave 75 -- 2.7.4. Ocean Thermal 76 -- 2.8. Other Generation Schemes 76 -- 2.9. Electricity Generation Economics 77 -- 2.9.1. O&M Cost 79 -- 2.9.2. Fuel Cost 79 -- 2.9.3. Capital Cost 80 -- 2.9.4. Overall Generation Costs 81 -- 2.10. Load Characteristics and Forecasting 81 -- 2.11. Environmental Impact 85 -- 2.12. Exercises 86 -- 2.13. Problems 86 -- 3 SINGLE-PHASE CIRCUITS 89 -- 3.1. Circuit Analysis Fundamentals 90 -- 3.1.1. Basic Defi nitions and Nomenclature 90.

3.1.2. Voltage and Current Phasors 91 -- 3.1.3. Power 92 -- 3.2. AC Circuits 94 -- 3.3. Impedance 96 -- 3.3.1. Series Connection 100 -- 3.3.2. Parallel Connection 100 -- 3.3.3. Impedance Examples 104 -- 3.4. Loads 109 -- 3.4.1. Power Factor 111 -- 3.4.2. Voltage Regulation 116 -- 3.5. Basic Laws and Circuit Analysis Techniques 116 -- 3.5.1. Kirchhoff's Current Law 117 -- 3.5.2. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law 123 -- 3.5.3. Thévenin's and Norton's Theorems 127 -- 3.6. Applications of Single-Phase Circuit Analysis 128 -- 3.7. Summary 140 -- 3.8. Exercises 141 -- 3.9. Problems 141 -- 4 THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS 145 -- 4.1. Three-Phase Quantities 146 -- 4.2. Wye-Connected Generator 151 -- 4.3. Wye-Connected Loads 155 -- 4.3.1. Balanced Wye Load (Four-Wire System) 156 -- 4.3.2. Unbalanced Wye Load (Four-Wire System) 158 -- 4.3.3. Wye-Connected Three-Wire System 160 -- 4.4. Delta-Connected System 162 -- 4.4.1. Delta-Connected Generator 162 -- 4.4.2. Balanced Delta Load 163 -- 4.4.3. Unbalanced Delta Load 166 -- 4.5. Summary 168 -- 4.6. Three-Phase Power Measurement 174 -- 4.6.1. Four-Wire System 175 -- 4.6.2. Three-Wire System 175 -- 4.7. Per-Unit System 177 -- 4.8. Symmetrical Components 182 -- 4.8.1. Calculation of Phase Voltages from Sequential Components 182 -- 4.8.2. Calculation of Sequential Components from Phase Voltages 183 -- 4.8.3. Sequential Components of Impedance Loads 184 -- 4.9. Application Examples 188 -- 4.10. Exercises 203 -- 4.11. Problems 204 -- 5 TRANSMISSION LINES AND CABLES 207 -- 5.1. Construction 208 -- 5.2. Components of the Transmission Lines 215 -- 5.2.1. Towers and Foundations 215 -- 5.2.2. Conductors 216 -- 5.2.3. Insulators 218 -- 5.3. Cables 223 -- 5.4. Transmission Line Electrical Parameters 224 -- 5.5. Magnetic Field Generated by Transmission Lines 225 -- 5.5.1. Magnetic Field Energy Content 229 -- 5.5.2. Single Conductor Generated Magnetic Field 230 -- 5.5.3. Complex Spatial Vector Mathematics 233 -- 5.5.4. Three-Phase Transmission Line-Generated Magnetic Field 234.

5.6. Transmission Line Inductance 239 -- 5.6.1. External Magnetic Flux 240 -- 5.6.2. Internal Magnetic Flux 241 -- 5.6.3. Total Conductor Magnetic Flux 243 -- 5.6.4. Three-Phase Line Inductance 244 -- 5.7. Transmission Line Capacitance 249 -- 5.7.1. Electric Field Generation 249 -- 5.7.2. Electrical Field around a Conductor 250 -- 5.7.3. Three-Phase Transmission Line Generated Electric Field 256 -- 5.7.4. Three-Phase Line Capacitance 271 -- 5.8. Transmission Line Networks 273 -- 5.8.1. Equivalent Circuit for a Balanced System 273 -- 5.8.2. Long Transmission Lines 277 -- 5.9. Concept of Transmission Line Protection 282 -- 5.9.1. Transmission Line Faults 282 -- 5.9.2. Protection Methods 285 -- 5.9.3. Fuse Protection 285 -- 5.9.4. Overcurrent Protection 285 -- 5.9.5. Distance Protection 288 -- 5.10. Application Examples 289 -- 5.10.1. Mathcadª Examples 289 -- 5.10.2. PSpiceª: Transient Short-Circuit Current in Transmission Lines 302 -- 5.10.3. PSpice: Transmission Line Energization 304 -- 5.11. Exercises 307 -- 5.12. Problems 308 -- 6 ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION 313 -- 6.1. Magnetic Circuits 314 -- 6.1.1. Magnetic Circuit Theory 315 -- 6.1.2. Magnetic Circuit Analysis 317 -- 6.1.3. Magnetic Energy 323 -- 6.1.4. Magnetization Curve 324 -- 6.1.5. Magnetization Curve Modeling 329 -- 6.2. Magnetic and Electric Field Generated Forces 336 -- 6.2.1. Electric Field-Generated Force 336 -- 6.2.2. Magnetic Field-Generated Force 337 -- 6.3. Electromechanical System 343 -- 6.3.1. Electric Field 344 -- 6.3.2. Magnetic Field 345 -- 6.4. Calculation of Electromagnetic Forces 347 -- 6.5. Applications 352 -- 6.5.1. Actuators 353 -- 6.5.2. Transducers 356 -- 6.5.3. Permanent Magnet Motors and Generators 362 -- 6.5.4. Microelectromechanical Systems 365 -- 6.6. Summary 368 -- 6.7. Exercises 368 -- 6.8. Problems 369 -- 7 TRANSFORMERS 375 -- 7.1. Construction 376 -- 7.2. Single-Phase Transformers 381 -- 7.2.1. Ideal Transformer 382 -- 7.2.2. Real Transformer 391 -- 7.2.3. Determination of Equivalent Transformer Circuit Parameters 399.

7.3. Three-Phase Transformers 408 -- 7.3.1. Wye-Wye Connection 410 -- 7.3.2. Wye-Delta Connection 415 -- 7.3.3. Delta-Wye Connection 418 -- 7.3.4. Delta-Delta Connection 420 -- 7.3.5. Summary 420 -- 7.3.6. Analysis of Three-Phase Transformer Configurations 421 -- 7.3.7. Equivalent Circuit Parameters of a Three-Phase Transformer 429 -- 7.3.8. General Program for Computing Transformer Parameters 432 -- 7.3.9. Application Examples 435 -- 7.3.10. Concept of Transformer Protection 447 -- 7.4. Exercises 450 -- 7.5. Problems 451 -- 8 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 456 -- 8.1. Construction 456 -- 8.1.1. Round Rotor Generator 457 -- 8.1.2. Salient Pole Generator 459 -- 8.1.3. Exciter 462 -- 8.2. Operating Concept 465 -- 8.2.1. Main Rotating Flux 465 -- 8.2.2. Armature Flux 468 -- 8.3. Generator Application 472 -- 8.3.1. Loading 472 -- 8.3.2. Reactive Power Regulation 472 -- 8.3.3. Synchronization 473 -- 8.3.4. Static Stability 474 -- 8.4. Induced Voltage and Armature Reactance Calculation 487 -- 8.4.1. Induced Voltage Calculation 488 -- 8.4.2. Armature Reactance Calculation 496 -- 8.5. Concept of Generator Protection 507 -- 8.6. Application Examples 511 -- 8.7. Exercises 535 -- 8.8. Problems 536 -- 9 INDUCTION MACHINES 541 -- 9.1. Introduction 541 -- 9.2. Construction 543 -- 9.2.1. Stator 543 -- 9.2.2. Rotor 546 -- 9.3. Three-Phase Induction Motor 547 -- 9.3.1. Operating Principle 547 -- 9.3.2. Equivalent Circuit 553 -- 9.3.3. Motor Performance 556 -- 9.3.4. Motor Maximum Output 557 -- 9.3.5. Performance Analyses 560 -- 9.3.6. Determination of Motor Parameters by Measurement 570 -- 9.4. Single-Phase Induction Motor 591 -- 9.4.1. Operating Principle 592 -- 9.4.2. Single-Phase Induction Motor Performance Analysis 595 -- 9.5. Induction Generators 603 -- 9.5.1. Induction Generator Analysis 603 -- 9.5.2. Doubly Fed Induction Generator 606 -- 9.6. Concept of Motor Protection 608 -- 9.7. Exercises 610 -- 9.8. Problems 611 -- 10 DC MACHINES 616 -- 10.1. Construction 616 -- 10.2. Operating Principle 620.

10.2.1. DC Motor 620 -- 10.2.2. DC Generator 623 -- 10.2.3. Equivalent Circuit 625 -- 10.2.4. Excitation Methods 628 -- 10.3. Operation Analyses 629 -- 10.3.1. Separately Excited Machine 630 -- 10.3.2. Shunt Machine 637 -- 10.3.3. Series Motor 645 -- 10.3.4. Summary 651 -- 10.4. Application Examples 652 -- 10.5. Exercises 669 -- 10.6. Problems 669 -- 11 INTRODUCTION TO POWER ELECTRONICS AND MOTOR CONTROL 673 -- 11.1. Concept of DC Motor Control 674 -- 11.2. Concept of AC Induction Motor Control 678 -- 11.3. Semiconductor Switches 685 -- 11.3.1. Diode 685 -- 11.3.2. Thyristor 687 -- 11.3.3. Gate Turn-Off Thyristor 692 -- 11.3.4. Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor 693 -- 11.3.5. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor 695 -- 11.3.6. Summary 696 -- 11.4. Rectifi ers 697 -- 11.4.1. Simple Passive Diode Rectifiers 697 -- 11.4.2. Single-Phase Controllable Rectifiers 709 -- 11.4.3. Firing and Snubber Circuits 726 -- 11.4.4. Three-Phase Rectifiers 728 -- 11.5. Inverters 729 -- 11.5.1. Voltage Source Inverter with Pulse Width Modulation 732 -- 11.5.2. Line-Commutated Thyristor-Controlled Inverter 735 -- 11.5.3. High-Voltage DC Transmission 738 -- 11.6. Flexible AC Transmission 739 -- 11.6.1. Static VAR Compensator 740 -- 11.6.2. Static Synchronous Compensator 744 -- 11.6.3. Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor 744 -- 11.6.4. Unifi ed Power Controller 747 -- 11.7. DC-to-DC Converters 747 -- 11.7.1. Boost Converter 748 -- 11.7.2. Buck Converter 754 -- 11.8. Application Examples 757 -- 11.9. Exercises 773 -- 11.10. Problems 774 -- Appendix A Introduction to Mathcadª 777 -- A.1. Worksheet and Toolbars 777 -- A.1.1. Text Regions 780 -- A.1.2. Calculations 780 -- A.2. Functions 783 -- A.2.1. Repetitive Calculations 784 -- A.2.2. Defining a Function 785 -- A.2.3. Plotting a Function 786 -- A.2.4. Minimum and Maximum Function Values 788 -- A.3. Equation Solvers 788 -- A.3.1. Root Equation Solver 789 -- A.3.2. Find Equation Solver 789 -- A.4. Vectors and Matrices 790 -- Appendix B Introduction to MATLABª 794.

B.1. Desktop Tools 794 -- B.2. Operators, Variables, and Functions 796 -- B.3. Vectors and Matrices 797 -- B.4. Colon Operator 799 -- B.5. Repeated Evaluation of an Equation 799 -- B.6. Plotting 800 -- B.7. Basic Programming 803 -- Appendix C Fundamental Units and Constants 805 -- C.1. Fundamental Units 805 -- C.2. Fundamental Physical Constants 809 -- Appendix D Introduction to PSpiceª 810 -- D.1. Obtaining and Installing PSpice 810 -- D.2. Using PSpice 811 -- D.2.1. Creating a Circuit 811 -- D.2.2. Simulating a Circuit 812 -- D.2.3. Analyzing Simulation Results 813 -- Problem Solution Key 815 -- Bibliography 822 -- Index 824.