Contributors xiii -- Foreword xv -- Preface xvii -- Introduction: What You Will Learn xix -- 1 Design for Reliability Paradigms 1 -- Dev Raheja -- Why Design for Reliability? 1 -- Reflections on the Current State of the Art 2 -- The Paradigms for Design for Reliability 4 -- Summary 13 -- References 13 -- 2 Reliability Design Tools 15 -- Joseph A. Childs -- Introduction 15 -- Reliability Tools 19 -- Test Data Analysis 31 -- Summary 34 -- References 35 -- 3 Developing Reliable Software 37 -- Samuel Keene -- Introduction and Background 37 -- Software Reliability: Definitions and Basic Concepts 40 -- Software Reliability Design Considerations 44 -- Operational Reliability Requires Effective Change Management 48 -- Execution-Time Software Reliability Models 48 -- Software Reliability Prediction Tools Prior to Testing 49 -- References 51 -- 4 Reliability Models 53 -- Louis J. Gullo -- Introduction 53 -- Reliability Block Diagram: System Modeling 56 -- Example of System Reliability Models Using RBDs 57 -- Reliability Growth Model 60 -- Similarity Analysis and Categories of a Physical Model 60 -- Monte Carlo Models 62 -- Markov Models 62 -- References 64 -- 5 Design Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis 67 -- Louis J. Gullo -- Introduction to FMEA and FMECA 67 -- Design FMECA 68 -- Principles of FMECA-MA 71 -- Design FMECA Approaches 72 -- Example of a Design FMECA Process 74 -- Risk Priority Number 82 -- Final Thoughts 86 -- References 86 -- 6 Process Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis 87 -- Joseph A. Childs -- Introduction 87 -- Principles of P-FMECA 87 -- Use of P-FMECA 88 -- What Is Required Before Starting 90 -- Performing P-FMECA Step by Step 91 -- Improvement Actions 98 -- Reporting Results 100 -- Suggestions for Additional Reading 101 -- 7 FMECA Applied to Software Development 103 -- Robert W. Stoddard -- Introduction 103 -- Scoping an FMECA for Software Development 104 -- FMECA Steps for Software Development 106 -- Important Notes on Roles and Responsibilities with Software FMECA 116.

Lessons Learned from Conducting Software FMECA 117 -- Conclusions 119 -- References 120 -- 8 Six Sigma Approach to Requirements Development 121 -- Samuel Keene -- Early Experiences with Design of Experiments 121 -- Six Sigma Foundations 124 -- The Six Sigma Three-Pronged Initiative 126 -- The RASCI Tool 128 -- Design for Six Sigma 129 -- Requirements Development: The Principal Challenge to System Reliability 130 -- The GQM Tool 131 -- The Mind Mapping Tool 132 -- References 135 -- 9 Human Factors in Reliable Design 137 -- Jack Dixon -- Human Factors Engineering 137 -- A Design Engineer's Interest in Human Factors 138 -- Human-Centered Design 138 -- Human Factors Analysis Process 144 -- Human Factors and Risk 150 -- Human Error 150 -- Design for Error Tolerance 153 -- Checklists 154 -- Testing to Validate Human Factors in Design 154 -- References 154 -- 10 Stress Analysis During Design to Eliminate Failures 157 -- Louis J. Gullo -- -- Principles of Stress Analysis 157 -- Mechanical Stress Analysis or Durability Analysis 158 -- Finite Element Analysis 158 -- Probabilistic vs. Deterministic Methods and Failures 159 -- How Stress Analysis Aids Design for Reliability 159 -- Derating and Stress Analysis 160 -- Stress vs. Strength Curves 161 -- Software Stress Analysis and Testing 166 -- Structural Reinforcement to Improve Structural Integrity 167 -- References 167 -- 11 Highly Accelerated Life Testing 169 -- Louis J. Gullo -- Introduction 169 -- Time Compression 173 -- Test Coverage 174 -- Environmental Stresses of HALT 175 -- Sensitivity to Stresses 176 -- Design Margin 178 -- Sample Size 180 -- Conclusions 180 -- Reference 181 -- 12 Design for Extreme Environments 183 -- Steven S. Austin -- Overview 183 -- Designing for Extreme Environments 183 -- Designing for Cold 184 -- Designing for Heat 186 -- References 191 -- 13 Design for Trustworthiness 193 -- Lawrence Bernstein and C. M. Yuhas -- Introduction 193 -- Modules and Components 196 -- Politics of Reuse 200.

Design Principles 201 -- Design Constraints That Make Systems Trustworthy 204 -- Conclusions 210 -- References and Notes 211 -- 14 Prognostics and Health Management Capabilities to Improve Reliability 213 -- Louis J. Gullo -- Introduction 213 -- PHM Is Department of Defense Policy 216 -- Condition-Based Maintenance vs. Time-Based Maintenance 216 -- Monitoring and Reasoning of Failure Precursors 217 -- Monitoring Environmental and Usage Loads for Damage Modeling 218 -- Fault Detection, Fault Isolation, and Prognostics 218 -- Sensors for Automatic Stress Monitoring 220 -- References 221 -- 15 Reliability Management 223 -- Joseph A. Childs -- Introduction 223 -- Planning, Execution, and Documentation 229 -- Closing the Feedback Loop: Reliability Assessment, Problem Solving, and Growth 232 -- References 233 -- 16 Risk Management, Exception Handling, and Change Management 235 -- Jack Dixon -- Introduction to Risk 235 -- Importance of Risk Management 236 -- Why Many Risks Are Overlooked 237 -- Program Risk 239 -- Design Risk 241 -- Risk Assessment 242 -- Risk Identification 243 -- Risk Estimation 244 -- Risk Evaluation 245 -- Risk Mitigation 247 -- Risk Communication 248 -- Risk and Competitiveness 249 -- Risk Management in the Change Process 249 -- Configuration Management 249 -- References 251 -- 17 Integrating Design for Reliability with Design for Safety 253 -- Brian Moriarty -- Introduction 253 -- Start of Safety Design 254 -- Reliability in System Safety Design 255 -- Safety Analysis Techniques 255 -- Establishing Safety Assessment Using the Risk Assessment Code Matrix 260 -- Design and Development Process for Detailed Safety Design 261 -- Verification of Design for Safety Includes Reliability 261 -- Examples of Design for Safety with Reliability Data 262 -- Final Thoughts 266 -- References 266 -- 18 Organizational Reliability Capability Assessment 267 -- Louis J. Gullo -- Introduction 267 -- The Benefits of IEEE 1624-2008 269 -- Organizational Reliability Capability 270.

Reliability Capability Assessment 271 -- Design Capability and Performability 271 -- IEEE 1624 Scoring Guidelines 276 -- SEI CMMI Scoring Guidelines 277 -- Organizational Reliability Capability Assessment Process 278 -- Advantages of High Reliability 282 -- Conclusions 283 -- References 284 -- Index 285.