PREFACE xv -- ABOUT THE AUTHORS xix -- PART I PRELIMINARY MATERIAL 1 -- 1 Introduction 3 -- 1.1 The Scope of Electrical Engineering, 3 -- 1.2 This Book's Scope and Organization, 7 -- 1.3 International Standards and Their Usage in This Book, 8 -- 1.3.1 International Standardization Bodies, 8 -- 1.3.2 The International System of Units (SI), 9 -- 1.3.3 Graphic Symbols for Circuit Drawings, 11 -- 1.3.4 Names, Symbols, and Units, 13 -- 1.3.5 Other Conventions, 15 -- 1.4 Specific Conventions and Symbols in This Book, 15 -- 1.4.1 Boxes Around Text, 16 -- 1.4.2 Grayed Boxes, 16 -- 1.4.3 Terminology, 17 -- 1.4.4 Acronyms, 17 -- 1.4.5 Reference Designations, 18 -- 2 The Fundamental Laws of Electromagnetism 19 -- 2.1 Vector Fields, 20 -- 2.2 Definition of E and B; Lorentz's Force Law, 22 -- 2.3 Gauss's Law, 25 -- 2.4 Ampère's Law and Charge Conservation, 26 -- 2.4.1 Magnetic Field and Matter, 31 -- 2.5 Faraday's Law, 32 -- 2.6 Gauss's Law for Magnetism, 35 -- 2.7 Constitutive Equations of Matter, 36 -- 2.7.1 General Considerations, 36 -- 2.7.2 Continuous Charge Flow Across Conductors, 36 -- 2.8 Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Waves, 38 -- 2.9 Historical Notes, 40 -- 2.9.1 Short Biography of Faraday, 40 -- 2.9.2 Short Biography of Gauss, 40 -- 2.9.3 Short Biography of Maxwell, 41 -- 2.9.4 Short Biography of Ampère, 41 -- 2.9.5 Short Biography of Lorentz, 41 -- PART II ELECTRIC CIRCUIT CONCEPT AND ANALYSIS 43 -- 3 Circuits as Modelling Tools 45 -- 3.1 Introduction, 46 -- 3.2 Definitions, 48 -- 3.3 Charge Conservation and Kirchhoff's Current Law, 50 -- 3.3.1 The Charge Conservation Law, 50 -- 3.3.2 Charge Conservation and Circuits, 51 -- 3.3.3 The Electric Current, 53 -- 3.3.4 Formulations of Kirchhoff's Current Law, 55 -- 3.4 Circuit Potentials and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, 60 -- 3.4.1 The Electric Field Inside Conductors, 60 -- 3.4.2 Formulations of Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, 64 -- 3.5 Solution of a Circuit, 65 -- 3.5.1 Determining Linearly Independent Kirchhoff Equations (Loop-Cuts Method), 66.

3.5.2 Constitutive Equations, 68 -- 3.5.3 Number of Variables and Equations, 70 -- 3.6 The Substitution Principle, 73 -- 3.7 Kirchhoff's Laws in Comparison with Electromagnetism Laws, 75 -- 3.8 Power in Circuits, 76 -- 3.8.1 Tellegen's Theorem and Energy Conservation Law in Circuits, 78 -- 3.9 Historical Notes, 80 -- 3.9.1 Short Biography of Kirchhoff, 80 -- 3.9.2 Short Biography of Tellegen, 80 -- 4 Techniques for Solving DC Circuits 83 -- 4.1 Introduction, 84 -- 4.2 Modelling Circuital Systems with Constant Quantities as Circuits, 84 -- 4.2.1 The Basic Rule, 84 -- 4.2.2 Resistors: Ohm's Law, 87 -- 4.2.3 Ideal and “Real” Voltage and Current Sources, 89 -- 4.3 Solving Techniques, 91 -- 4.3.1 Basic Usage of Combined Kirchhoff-Constitutive Equations, 92 -- 4.3.2 Nodal Analysis, 95 -- 4.3.3 Mesh Analysis, 98 -- 4.3.4 Series and Parallel Resistors; Star/Delta Conversion, 99 -- 4.3.5 Voltage and Current Division, 103 -- 4.3.6 Linearity and Superposition, 105 -- 4.3.7 Thévenin's Theorem, 107 -- 4.4 Power and Energy and Joule's Law, 112 -- 4.5 More Examples, 114 -- 4.6 Resistive Circuits Operating with Variable Quantities, 120 -- 4.7 Historical Notes, 121 -- 4.7.1 Short Biography of Ohm, 121 -- 4.7.2 Short Biography of Thévenin, 121 -- 4.7.3 Short Biography of Joule, 122 -- 4.8 Proposed Exercises, 122 -- 5 Techniques for Solving AC Circuits 131 -- 5.1 Introduction, 132 -- 5.2 Energy Storage Elements, 132 -- 5.2.1 Power in Time-Varying Circuits, 133 -- 5.2.2 The Capacitor, 133 -- 5.2.3 Inductors and Magnetic Circuits, 136 -- 5.3 Modelling Time-Varying Circuital Systems as Circuits, 140 -- 5.3.1 The Basic Rule, 140 -- 5.3.2 Modelling Circuital Systems When Induced EMFs Between Wires Cannot Be Neglected, 145 -- 5.3.3 Mutual Inductors and the Ideal Transformer, 146 -- 5.3.4 Systems Containing Ideal Transformers: Magnetically Coupled Circuits, 150 -- 5.4 Simple R-L and R-C Transients, 152 -- 5.5 AC Circuit Analysis, 155 -- 5.5.1 Sinusoidal Functions, 155 -- 5.5.2 Steady-State Behaviour of Linear Circuits Using Phasors, 156.

5.5.3 AC Circuit Passive Parameters, 163 -- 5.5.4 The Phasor Circuit, 164 -- 5.5.5 Circuits Containing Sources with Different Frequencies, 169 -- 5.6 Power in AC Circuits, 171 -- 5.6.1 Instantaneous, Active, Reactive, and Complex Powers, 171 -- 5.6.2 Circuits Containing Sources Having Different Frequencies, 177 -- 5.6.3 Conservation of Complex, Active, and Reactive Powers, 178 -- 5.6.4 Power Factor Correction, 180 -- 5.7 Historical Notes, 184 -- 5.7.1 Short Biography of Boucherot, 184 -- 5.8 Proposed Exercises, 184 -- 6 Three-Phase Circuits 191 -- 6.1 Introduction, 191 -- 6.2 From Single-Phase to Three-Phase Systems, 192 -- 6.2.1 Modelling Three-Phase Lines When Induced EMFs Between Wires Are Not Negligible, 198 -- 6.3 The Single-Phase Equivalent of the Three-Phase Circuit, 200 -- 6.4 Power in Three-Phase Systems, 202 -- 6.5 Single-Phase Feeding from Three-Phase Systems, 206 -- 6.6 Historical Notes, 209 -- 6.6.1 Short Biography of Tesla, 209 -- 6.7 Proposed Exercises, 209 -- PART III ELECTRIC MACHINES AND STATIC CONVERTERS 213 -- 7 Magnetic Circuits and Transformers 215 -- 7.1 Introduction, 215 -- 7.2 Magnetic Circuits and Single-Phase Transformers, 215 -- 7.3 Three-Phase Transformers, 225 -- 7.4 Magnetic Hysteresis and Core Losses, 227 -- 7.5 Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Tests, 230 -- 7.6 Permanent Magnets, 233 -- 7.7 Proposed Exercises, 235 -- 8 Fundamentals of Electronic Power Conversion 239 -- 8.1 Introduction, 239 -- 8.2 Power Electronic Devices, 240 -- 8.2.1 Diodes, Thyristors, Controllable Switches, 240 -- 8.2.2 The Branch Approximation of Thyristors and Controllable Switches, 242 -- 8.2.3 Diodes, 243 -- 8.2.4 Thyristors, 246 -- 8.2.5 Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs), 248 -- 8.2.6 Summary of Power Electronic Devices, 250 -- 8.3 Power Electronic Converters, 251 -- 8.3.1 Rectifiers, 251 -- 8.3.2 DC-DC Converters, 257 -- 8.3.3 Inverters, 264 -- 8.4 Analysis of Periodic Quantities, 276 -- 8.4.1 Introduction, 276 -- 8.4.2 Periodic Quantities and Fourier's Series, 276.

8.4.3 Properties of Periodic Quantities and Examples, 279 -- 8.4.4 Frequency Spectrum of Periodic Signals, 280 -- 8.5 Filtering Basics, 283 -- 8.5.1 The Basic Principle, 283 -- 8.6 Summary, 289 -- 9 Principles of Electromechanical Conversion 291 -- 9.1 Introduction, 292 -- 9.2 Electromechanical Conversion in a Translating Bar, 292 -- 9.3 Basic Electromechanics in Rotating Machines, 297 -- 9.3.1 Rotating Electrical Machines and Faraday's Law, 297 -- 9.3.2 Generation of Torques in Rotating Machines, 301 -- 9.3.3 Electromotive Force and Torque in Distributed Coils, 302 -- 9.3.4 The Uniform Magnetic Field Equivalent, 304 -- 9.4 Reluctance-Based Electromechanical Conversion, 305 -- 10 DC Machines and Drives and Universal Motors 309 -- 10.1 Introduction, 310 -- 10.2 The Basic Idea and Generation of Quasi-Constant Voltage, 310 -- 10.3 Operation of a DC Generator Under Load, 315 -- 10.4 Different Types of DC Machines, 318 -- 10.4.1 Generators and Motors, 318 -- 10.4.2 Starting a DC Motor with Constant Field Current, 320 -- 10.4.3 Independent, Shunt, PM, and Series Excitation Motors, 326 -- 10.5 Universal Motors, 329 -- 10.6 DC Electric Drives, 331 -- 10.7 Proposed Exercises, 335 -- 11 Synchronous Machines and Drives 337 -- 11.1 The Basic Idea and Generation of EMF, 338 -- 11.2 Operation Under Load, 345 -- 11.2.1 The Rotating Magnetic Field, 345 -- 11.2.2 Stator-Rotor Interaction, 348 -- 11.2.3 The Phasor Diagram and the Single-Phase Equivalent Circuit, 350 -- 11.3 Practical Considerations, 353 -- 11.3.1 Power Exchanges, 353 -- 11.3.2 Generators and Motors, 357 -- 11.4 Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines, 359 -- 11.5 Synchronous Electric Drives, 360 -- 11.5.1 Introduction, 360 -- 11.5.2 PM, Inverter-Fed, Synchronous Motor Drives, 361 -- 11.5.3 Control Implementation, 366 -- 11.6 Historical Notes, 370 -- 11.6.1 Short Biography of Ferraris and Behn-Eschemburg, 370 -- 11.7 Proposed Exercises, 371 -- 12 Induction Machines and Drives 373 -- 12.1 Induction Machine Basics, 374.

12.2 Machine Model and Analysis, 378 -- 12.3 No-Load and Blocked-Rotor Tests, 391 -- 12.4 Induction Machine Motor Drives, 394 -- 12.5 Single-Phase Induction Motors, 399 -- 12.5.1 Introduction, 399 -- 12.5.2 Different Motor Types, 402 -- 12.6 Proposed Exercises, 404 -- PART IV POWER SYSTEMS BASICS 409 -- 13 Low-Voltage Electrical Installations 411 -- 13.1 Another Look at the Concept of the Electric Power System, 411 -- 13.2 Electrical Installations: A Basic Introduction, 413 -- 13.3 Loads, 418 -- 13.4 Cables, 422 -- 13.4.1 Maximum Permissible Current and Choice of the Cross-Sectional Area, 422 -- 13.5 Determining Voltage Drop, 427 -- 13.6 Overcurrents and Overcurrent Protection, 429 -- 13.6.1 Overloads, 429 -- 13.6.2 Short Circuits, 430 -- 13.6.3 Breaker Characteristics and Protection Against Overcurrents, 432 -- 13.7 Protection in Installations: A Long List, 437 -- 14 Electric Shock and Protective Measures 439 -- 14.1 Introduction, 439 -- 14.2 Electricity and the Human Body, 440 -- 14.2.1 Effects of Current on Human Beings, 440 -- 14.2.2 The Mechanism of Current Dispersion in the Earth, 443 -- 14.2.3 A Circuital Model for the Human Body, 444 -- 14.2.4 The Human Body in a Live Circuit, 446 -- 14.2.5 System Earthing: TT, TN, and IT, 448 -- 14.3 Protection Against Electric Shock, 450 -- 14.3.1 Direct and Indirect Contacts, 450 -- 14.3.2 Basic Protection (Protection Against Direct Contact), 451 -- 14.3.3 Fault Protection (Protection Against Indirect Contact), 453 -- 14.3.4 SELV Protection System, 458 -- 14.4 The Residual Current Device (RCD) Principle of Operation, 459 -- 14.5 What Else?, 462 -- References, 462 -- 15 Large Power Systems: Structure and Operation 465 -- 15.1 Aggregation of Loads and Installations: The Power System, 465 -- 15.2 Toward AC Three-Phase Systems, 466 -- 15.3 Electricity Distribution Networks, 468 -- 15.4 Transmission and Interconnection Grids, 470 -- 15.5 Modern Structure of Power Systems and Distributed Generation, 473 -- 15.6 Basics of Power System Operation, 475.

15.6.1 Frequency Regulation, 478 -- 15.6.2 Voltage Regulation, 480 -- 15.7 Vertically Integrated Utilities and Deregulated Power Systems, 482 -- 15.8 Recent Challenges and Smart Grids, 484 -- 15.9 Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Storage, 486 -- 15.9.1 Photovoltaic Plants, 486 -- 15.9.2 Wind Power Plants, 490 -- 15.9.3 Energy Storage, 494 -- Appendix: Transmission Line Modelling and Port-Based Circuits 501 -- A.1 Modelling Transmission Lines Through Circuits, 501 -- A.1.1 Issues and Solutions When Displacement Currents are Neglected, 502 -- A.1.2 Steady-State Analysis Considering Displacement Currents, 506 -- A.1.3 Practical Considerations, 509 -- A.2 Modelling Lines as Two-Port Components, 510 -- A.2.1 Port-Based Circuits, 510 -- A.2.2 Port-Based Circuit and Transmission Lines, 511 -- A.2.3 A Sample Application, 512 -- A.3 Final Comments, 513 -- SELECTED REFERENCES 515 -- ANSWERS TO THE PROPOSED EXERCISES 519 -- INDEX 529.