Preface xiii -- Acknowledgments xv -- List of Abbreviations xvii -- Important Terminology and Concepts xxi -- 1 Introduction to Tissue Engineering 1 -- 1.1 Introduction to Tissue Engineering, 2 -- 1.2 Chronic Shortage of Donor Organs, 3 -- 1.3 The Tissue Engineering Paradigm, 4 -- 1.4 Definition of Tissue Engineering, 5 -- 1.5 Process of Bioengineering 3D Artificial Tissue, 9 -- 1.6 Design Principles for Tissue Engineering, 12 -- 1.7 Building Blocks of Tissue Engineering, 14 -- 1.8 Scientific and Technological Challenges, 15 -- 1.9 Functional Assessment of Artificial Tissue, 16 -- 1.10 Seminal Papers in Tissue Engineering, 18 -- 1.11 Applications of 3D Artificial Tissue, 20 -- 1.12 Two-Dimensional Versus Three-Dimensional Culture, 22 -- 1.13 Integration of Core Technologies, 22 -- 1.14 Growth of Tissue Engineering, 24 -- 1.15 Disciplines in Tissue Engineering, 26 -- 1.16 Tissue Engineering and Related Fields, 28 -- Summary, 33 -- Practice Questions, 34 -- References, 35 -- 2 Cells for Tissue Engineering 40 -- 2.1 Cells and Tissue Engineering, 41 -- 2.2 Cell Structure and Function, 43 -- 2.3 The Dynamic Extracellular Matrix, 47 -- 2.4 Cell Signaling, 48 -- 2.5 Cellular Junctions, 50 -- 2.6 Mammalian Tissue and Artificial Tissue, 52 -- 2.7 Cell Sourcing, 52 -- 2.8 The Cell Transplantation Process, 55 -- 2.9 Cells for Cell Transplantation, 58 -- 2.10 Mode of Action of Cells During Cell Transplantation, 59 -- 2.11 Cell Transplantation and Tissue Engineering, 60 -- 2.12 The Cell Culture Process, 61 -- 2.13 Applications of Monolayer 2D Cell Culture, 64 -- 2.14 Cell Culture Versus Tissue Engineering, 65 -- 2.15 Introduction to Stem Cell Engineering, 66 -- 2.16 Human Embryonic Stem Cells, 70 -- 2.17 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, 71 -- 2.18 Adult Stem Cells, 72 -- Summary, 72 -- Practice Questions, 73 -- References, 74 -- 3 Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering 84 -- 3.1 Definition of Biomaterials, 85 -- 3.2 Scheme for Biomaterial Development, 88 -- 3.3 Historical Perspective on Biomaterials, 90.

3.4 Tensile Properties, 92 -- 3.5 Modulation of Tensile Properties, 95 -- 3.6 Material Degradation, 97 -- 3.7 Biocompatibility, 100 -- 3.8 Biomimetic Biomaterial, 104 -- 3.9 Classification of Biomaterials, 106 -- 3.10 Biomaterial Platforms, 108 -- 3.11 Smart Materials, 113 -- 3.12 The Dynamic Extracellular Matrix, 114 -- 3.13 Idealized Biomaterial, 116 -- Summary, 118 -- Practice Questions, 119 -- References, 121 -- 4 Tissue Fabrication Technology 130 -- 4.1 Introduction to Tissue Fabrication Technologies, 131 -- 4.2 Self-Organization Technology, 133 -- 4.3 Cell Sheet Engineering, 135 -- 4.4 Scaffold-Based Tissue Fabrication, 137 -- 4.5 Cell and Organ Printing, 140 -- 4.6 Solid Freeform Fabrication, 142 -- 4.7 Soft Lithography and Microfluidics, 143 -- 4.8 Cell Patterning, 145 -- 4.9 Idealized System to Support Tissue Fabrication, 148 -- Summary, 149 -- Practice Questions, 150 -- References, 151 -- 5 Vascularization of Artificial Tissue 156 -- 5.1 Introduction, 157 -- 5.2 Seminal Publications in Angiogenesis Research, 159 -- 5.3 Vascularization Defined, 160 -- 5.4 Molecular Mechanism of Vasculogenesis, 161 -- 5.5 Molecular Mechanism of Angiogenesis, 163 -- 5.6 Molecular Mechanism of Arteriogenesis, 164 -- 5.7 Therapeutic Angiogenesis, 166 -- 5.8 Tissue Engineering and Vascularization, 167 -- 5.9 Conceptual Framework for Vascularization During Artificial Tissue Formation, 169 -- 5.10 In Vivo Models of Vascularization, 172 -- 5.11 Idealized Vascularization Strategy for Tissue Engineering, 174 -- 5.12 Flow Chart and Decision Making, 176 -- 5.13 Biologically Replicated Vascularization Strategies, 179 -- 5.14 Biologically Mediated Vascularization Strategies, 181 -- 5.15 Biologically Inspired Vascularization Strategies, 184 -- Summary, 186 -- Practice Questions, 187 -- References, 188 -- 6 Bioreactors for Tissue Engineering 193 -- 6.1 Introduction to Bioreactors, 194 -- 6.2 Bioreactors Defined, 195 -- 6.3 Classification of Bioreactors, 197 -- 6.4 Design Considerations, 200.

6.5 Idealized Bioreactor System, 202 -- 6.6 Bioreactors and Tissue Engineering, 205 -- 6.7 Bioreactors for Mammalian Cell Culture, 207 -- 6.8 Bioreactors for Scaffold Fabrication, 209 -- 6.9 Bioreactors for Scaffold Cellularization, 212 -- 6.10 Perfusion Systems, 215 -- 6.11 Bioreactors for Stretch, 219 -- 6.12 Electrical Stimulation, 221 -- Summary, 226 -- Practice Questions, 227 -- References, 230 -- 7 Tracheal Tissue Engineering 237 -- 7.1 Structure and Function of the Trachea, 238 -- 7.2 Congenital Tracheal Stenosis, 240 -- 7.3 Genetic Regulation of Tracheal Development, 241 -- 7.4 Post Intubation and Post Tracheostomy Tracheal Stenosis, 243 -- 7.5 Treatment Modalities for Tracheal Stenosis, 245 -- 7.6 Design Considerations for Tracheal Tissue Engineering, 247 -- 7.7 Process of Bioengineering Artificial Tracheas, 247 -- 7.8 Tissue Engineering Models for Artificial Tracheas, 250 -- 7.9 Tracheal Tissue Engineering-An Example of a Clinical Study, 253 -- 7.10 Tracheal Tissue Engineering-A Second Example of a Clinical Study, 255 -- Summary, 258 -- Practice Questions, 258 -- References, 260 -- 8 Bladder Tissue Engineering 265 -- 8.1 Bladder Structure and Function, 266 -- 8.2 Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction, 267 -- 8.3 Surgical Bladder Augmentation, 269 -- 8.4 Development of the Urinary Bladder, 270 -- 8.5 Design Considerations for Bladder Tissue Engineering, 270 -- 8.6 Process of Bioengineering Artificial Bladders, 271 -- 8.7 Cell Sheet Engineering for Bladder Tissue Engineering, 273 -- 8.8 Small Intestinal Submucosa (SIS) for Bladder Tissue Engineering, 275 -- 8.9 Plga as a Biomaterial for Bladder Tissue Engineering, 278 -- 8.10 Acellular Grafts for Bladder Tissue Engineering, 280 -- 8.11 Organ Models for Bladder Tissue Engineering, 283 -- 8.12 Clinical Study for Bladder Tissue Engineering, 284 -- Summary, 285 -- Practice Questions, 286 -- References, 288 -- 9 Liver Tissue Engineering 295 -- 9.1 Structure and Function of the Liver, 296 -- 9.2 Acute Liver Failure, 297.

9.3 Liver Transplantation, 299 -- 9.4 Liver Regeneration, 301 -- 9.5 Liver Development, 302 -- 9.6 Design Considerations for Liver Tissue Engineering, 303 -- 9.7 Process of Bioengineering Artificial Liver Tissue, 303 -- 9.8 Stem Cells for Liver Tissue Engineering, 305 -- 9.9 Surface Patterning Technology for Liver Tissue Engineering, 307 -- 9.10 Biomaterial Platforms for Liver Tissue Engineering, 309 -- 9.11 Fabrication of 3D Artificial Liver Tissue, 309 -- 9.12 Vascularization for Liver Tissue Engineering, 311 -- 9.13 Bioreactors for Liver Tissue Engineering, 312 -- 9.14 Spheroid Culture for Liver Tissue Engineering, 313 -- Summary, 314 -- Practice Questions, 315 -- References, 317 -- Index 323.