Preface xiii -- Contributors xv -- 1 Stem Cells and Nanotechnology in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 1 -- 1.1 A Brief History of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 1 -- 1.2 Introduction to Stem Cells, 3 -- 1.3 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Strategies, 5 -- 1.4 Nanotechnology in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, 8 -- 1.5 Conclusions, 19 -- 2 Nanofiber Technology for Controlling Stem Cell Functions and Tissue Engineering 27 -- 2.1 Introduction, 27 -- 2.2 Fabrication of Nanofibrous Scaffolds by Electrospinning, 30 -- 2.3 Stem Cells: Type, Origin, and Functionality, 32 -- 2.4 Stem Cell-Nanofiber Interactions in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, 35 -- 2.5 Conclusions, 44 -- 3 Micro- and Nanoengineering Approaches to Developing Gradient Biomaterials Suitable for Interface Tissue Engineering 52 -- 3.1 Introduction, 52 -- 3.2 Classification of Gradient Biomaterials, 54 -- 3.3 Micro- and Nanoengineering Techniques for Fabricating Gradient Biomaterials, 59 -- 3.4 Conclusions, 70 -- 4 Microengineered Polymer- and Ceramic-Based Biomaterial Scaffolds: A Topical Review on Design, Processing, and Biocompatibility Properties 80 -- 4.1 Introduction, 80 -- 4.2 Dense Hydroxyapatite Versus Porous Hydroxyapatite Scaffold, 85 -- 4.3 Property Requirement of Porous Scaffold, 86 -- 4.4 Design Criteria and Critical Issues with Porous Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering, 88 -- 4.5 An Exculpation of Porous Scaffolds, 90 -- 4.6 Overview of Various Processing Techniques of Porous Scaffold, 92 -- 4.7 Overview of Physicomechanical Properties Evaluation of Porous Scaffold, 95 -- 4.8 Overview of Biocompatibility Properties: Evaluation of Porous Scaffolds, 104 -- 4.9 Outstanding Issues, 107 -- 4.10 Conclusions, 109 -- 5 Synthetic Enroutes to Engineer Electrospun Scaffolds for Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration 119 -- 5.1 Introduction, 119 -- 5.2 Synthetic Enroutes, 125 -- 5.3 Novel Nanofibrous Strategies for Stem Cell Regeneration and Differentiation, 131.

5.4 Conclusions, 135 -- 6 Integrating Top-Down and Bottom-Up Scaffolding Tissue Engineering Approach for Bone Regeneration 142 -- 6.1 Introduction, 142 -- 6.2 Clinic Needs in Bone Regeneration Fields, 143 -- 6.3 Bone Regeneration Strategies and Techniques, 144 -- 6.4 Future Direction and Concluding Remarks, 151 -- 7 Characterization of the Adhesive Interactions Between Cells and Biomaterials 159 -- 7.1 Introduction, 159 -- 7.2 Adhesion Receptors in Native Tissue, 160 -- 7.3 Optimization of Cellular Adhesion Through Biomaterial Modification, 166 -- 7.4 Measurement of Cell Adhesion, 170 -- 7.5 Conclusions, 174 -- 8 Microfluidic Formation of Cell-Laden Hydrogel Modules for Tissue Engineering 183 -- 8.1 Introduction, 183 -- 8.2 Cell-Laden Hydrogel Modules, 184 -- 8.3 Cell Assay Systems Using Microfluidic Devices, 189 -- 8.4 Implantable Applications, 191 -- 8.5 Tissue Engineering, 194 -- 8.6 Summary, 198 -- 9 Micro- and Nanospheres for Tissue Engineering 202 -- 9.1 Introduction, 202 -- 9.2 Materials Classification of Micro- and Nanospheres, 204 -- 9.3 Applications of Micro- and Nanospheres in Tissue Engineering, 205 -- 9.4 Conclusions, 212 -- 10 Micro- and Nanotechnologies to Engineer Bone Regeneration 220 -- 10.1 Introduction, 220 -- 10.2 Nano-Hydroxyapatite Reinforced Scaffolds, 221 -- 10.3 Biodegradable Polymeric Scaffolds and Nanocomposites, 225 -- 10.4 Silk Fibers and Scaffolds, 227 -- 10.5 Summary, 231 -- 11 Micro- and Nanotechnology for Vascular Tissue Engineering 236 -- 11.1 Introduction, 236 -- 11.2 Conventional Vascular Grafts, 237 -- 11.3 Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts, 237 -- 11.4 Micro- and Nanotopography in Vascular Tissue Engineering, 238 -- 11.5 Micro- and Nanofibrous Scaffolds in Vascular Tissue Engineering, 241 -- 11.6 Microvascular Tissue Engineering, 246 -- 11.7 Conclusions, 253 -- 12 Application of Stem Cells in Ischemic Heart Disease 261 -- 12.1 Introduction, 261 -- 12.2 Adult Skeletal Myoblast Cells, 267 -- 12.3 Adult Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells, 269.

12.4 Type of Stem Cells Used to Treat Cardiac Diseases, 273 -- 12.5 Application, 277 -- 12.6 Other Developing Technologies in Cell Engineering, 282 -- Acknowledgments, 293 -- References, 293 -- Index 303.