PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Scope and Objectives -- 1.2. Power System Reliability -- 1.3. The Insulation Coordination Process: What Is Involved? -- 1.4. Organization of the Book -- 1.5. Prcis -- 2. INSULATORS FOR ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS -- 2.1. Terminology for Insulators -- 2.2. Classification of Insulators -- 2.3. Insulator Construction -- 2.4. Electrical Stresses on Insulators -- 2.5. Environmental Stresses on Insulators -- 2.6. Mechanical Stresses -- 3. ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE OF INSULATORS -- 3.1. Pollution: What It Is -- 3.2. Pollution Deposits on Power System Insulators -- 3.3. Nonsoluble Electrically Inert Deposits -- 3.4. Soluble Electrically Conductive Pollution -- 3.5. Effects of Temperature on Electrical Conductivity -- 3.6. Conversion to Equivalent Salt Deposit Density -- 3.7. Self-Wetting of Contaminated Surfaces -- 3.8. Surface Wetting by Fog Accretion -- 3.9. Surface Wetting by Natural Precipitation -- 3.10. Surface Wetting by Artificial Precipitation -- 4. INSULATOR ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE IN POLLUTION CONDITIONS -- 4.1. Terminology for Electrical Performance in Pollution Conditions -- 4.2. Air Gap Breakdown -- 4.3. Breakdown of Polluted Insulators -- 4.4. Outdoor Exposure Test Methods -- 4.5. Indoor Test Methods for Pollution Flashovers -- 4.6. Salt-Fog Test -- 4.7. Clean-Fog Test Method -- 4.8. Other Test Procedures -- 4.9. Salt-Fog Test Results -- 4.10. Clean-Fog Test Results -- 4.11. Effects of Insulator Parameters -- 4.12. Effects of Nonsoluble Deposit Density -- 4.13. Pressure Effects on Contamination Tests -- 4.14. Temperature Effects on Pollution Flashover -- 5. CONTAMINATION FLASHOVER MODELS -- 5.1. General Classifi cation of Partial Discharges -- 5.2. Dry-Band Arcing on Contaminated Surfaces -- 5.3. Electrical Arcing on Wet, Contaminated Surfaces -- 5.4. Residual Resistance of Polluted Layer -- 5.5. dc Pollution Flashover Modeling -- 5.6. ac Pollution Flashover Modeling -- 5.7. Theoretical Modeling for Cold-Fog Flashover.

5.8. Future Directions for Pollution Flashover Modeling -- 6. MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR IMPROVED PERFORMANCE IN POLLUTION CONDITIONS -- 6.1. Monitoring for Maintenance -- 6.2. Cleaning of Insulators -- 6.3. Coating of Insulators -- 6.4. Adding Accessories -- 6.5. Adding More Insulators -- 6.6. Changing to Improved Designs -- 6.7. Changing to Semiconducting Glaze -- 6.8. Changing to Polymer Insulators -- 7. ICING FLASHOVERS -- 7.1. Terminology for Ice -- 7.2. Ice Morphology -- 7.3. Electrical Characteristics of Ice -- 7.4. Ice Flashover Experience -- 7.5. Ice Flashover Processes -- 7.6. Icing Test Methods -- 7.7. Ice Flashover Test Results -- 7.8. Empirical Models for Icing Flashovers -- 7.9. Mathematical Modeling of Flashover Process on Ice-Covered Insulators -- 7.10. Environmental Corrections for Ice Surfaces -- 7.11. Future Directions for Icing Flashover Modeling -- 8. SNOW FLASHOVERS -- 8.1. Terminology for Snow -- 8.2. Snow Morphology -- 8.3. Snow Electrical Characteristics -- 8.4. Snow Flashover Experience -- 8.5. Snow Flashover Process and Test Methods -- 8.6. Snow Flashover Test Results -- 8.7 Empirical Model for Snow Flashover -- 8.8. Mathematical Modeling of Flashover Process on Snow-Covered Insulators -- 8.9. Environmental Corrections for Snow Flashover -- 8.10. Case Studies of Snow Flashover -- 9. MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR IMPROVED PERFORMANCE IN ICE AND SNOW CONDITIONS -- 9.1. Options for Mitigating Very Light and Light Icing -- 9.2. Options for Mitigating Moderate Icing -- 9.3. Options for Mitigating Heavy Icing -- 9.4. Options for Mitigating Snow and Rime -- 9.5. Alternatives for Mitigating Any Icing -- 10. INSULATION COORDINATION FOR ICING AND POLLUTED ENVIRONMENTS -- 10.1. The Insulation Coordination Process -- 10.2. Deterministic and Probabilistic Methods -- 10.3. IEEE 1313.2 Design Approach for Contamination -- 10.4. IEC 60815 Design Approach for Contamination -- 10.5. CIGRE Design Approach for Contamination -- 10.6. Characteristics of Winter Pollution.

10.7. Winter Fog Events -- 10.8. Freezing Rain and Freezing Drizzle Events -- 10.9. Snow Climatology -- 10.10. Deterministic Coordination for Leakage Distance -- 10.11. Probabilistic Coordination for Leakage Distance -- 10.12. Deterministic Coordination for Dry Arc Distance -- 10.13. Probabilistic Coordination for Dry Arc Distance -- 10.14. Case Studies -- APPENDIX A: MEASUREMENT OF INSULATOR CONTAMINATION LEVEL -- APPENDIX B: STANDARD CORRECTIONS FOR HUMIDITY, TEMPERATURE, AND PRESSURE -- APPENDIX C: TERMS RELATED TO ELECTRICAL IMPULSES -- INDEX.