This proceedings volume presents a diverse collection of high-quality, state-of-the-art research and survey articles, written by leading experts, on low-dimensional topology and its applications. The content addresses a wide range of historical and contemporary invariants of knots and links, as well as related topics including: three- and four-dimensional manifolds, braids, virtual knot theory, quantum invariants, braids, skein modules and knot algebras, link homology, quandles and their homology, hyperbolic knots and geometric structures of three-dimensional manifolds, the mechanism of topological surgery in physical processes, knots in nature in the sense of physical knots with applications to polymers, DNA enzyme mechanisms, and protein structure and function. The chapters are based on contributions presented at the International Conference on Knots, Low-Dimensional Topology and Applications – Knots in Hellas 2016, which was held at the International Olympic Academy in Greece in July 2016. The goal of the conference was to promote the exchange of methods and ideas across disciplines and generations, from graduate students to senior researchers, and to explore fundamental research problems in the broad fields of knot theory and low-dimensional topology. This book will benefit all researchers who wish to take their research in new directions, to learn about new tools and methods, and to discover relevant and recent literature for future study.