PREFACE xiii -- CONTRIBUTORS xvii -- GLOSSARY xix -- CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY 1 -- 1.1 What Is Illumination? 1 -- 1.2 A Brief History of Illumination Optics 2 -- 1.3 Units 4 -- 1.3.1 Radiometric Quantities 4 -- 1.3.2 Photometric Quantities 6 -- 1.4 Intensity 9 -- 1.5 Illuminance and Irradiance 10 -- 1.6 Luminance and Radiance 11 -- 1.6.1 Lambertian 13 -- 1.6.2 Isotropic 14 -- 1.7 Important Factors in Illumination Design 15 -- 1.7.1 Transfer Effi ciency 15 -- 1.7.2 Uniformity of Illumination Distribution 16 -- 1.8 Standard Optics Used in Illumination Engineering 17 -- 1.8.1 Refractive Optics 18 -- 1.8.2 Refl ective Optics 20 -- 1.8.3 TIR Optics 22 -- 1.8.4 Scattering Optics 24 -- 1.8.5 Hybrid Optics 24 -- 1.9 The Process of Illumination System Design 25 -- 1.10 Is Illumination Engineering Hard? 28 -- 1.11 Format for Succeeding Chapters 29 -- References 30 -- CHAPTER 2 ƒETENDUE 31 -- 2.1 ƒEtendue 32 -- 2.2 Conservation of ƒEtendue 33 -- 2.2.1 Proof of Conservation of Radiance and ƒEtendue 34 -- 2.2.2 Proof of Conservation of Generalized ƒEtendue 36 -- 2.2.3 Conservation of ƒEtendue from the Laws of Thermodynamics 40 -- 2.3 Other Expressions for ƒEtendue 41 -- 2.3.1 Radiance, Luminance, and Brightness 41 -- 2.3.2 Throughput 42 -- 2.3.3 Extent 43 -- 2.3.4 Lagrange Invariant 43 -- 2.3.5 Abbe Sine Condition 43 -- 2.3.6 Confi guration or Shape Factor 44 -- 2.4 Design Examples Using ƒEtendue 45 -- 2.4.1 Lambertian, Spatially Uniform Disk Emitter 45 -- 2.4.2 Isotropic, Spatially Uniform Disk Emitter 48 -- 2.4.3 Isotropic, Spatially Nonuniform Disk Emitter 50 -- 2.4.4 Tubular Emitter 52 -- 2.5 Concentration Ratio 59 -- 2.6 Rotational Skew Invariant 61 -- 2.6.1 Proof of Skew Invariance 61 -- 2.6.2 Refi ned Tubular Emitter Example 63 -- 2.7 ƒEtendue Discussion 67 -- References 68 -- CHAPTER 3 SQUEEZING THE ƒETENDUE 71 -- 3.1 Introduction 71 -- 3.2 ƒEtendue Squeezers versus ƒEtendue Rotators 71 -- 3.2.1 ƒEtendue Rotating Mappings 74 -- 3.2.2 ƒEtendue Squeezing Mappings 77.

3.3 Introductory Example of ƒEtendue Squeezer 79 -- 3.3.1 Increasing the Number of Lenticular Elements 80 -- 3.4 Canonical ƒEtendue-Squeezing with Afocal Lenslet Arrays 82 -- 3.4.1 Squeezing a Collimated Beam 82 -- 3.4.2 Other Afocal Designs 83 -- 3.4.3 ƒEtendue-Squeezing Lenslet Arrays with Other Squeeze-Factors 85 -- 3.5 Application to a Two Freeform Mirror Condenser 88 -- 3.6 ƒEtendue Squeezing in Optical Manifolds 95 -- 3.7 Conclusions 95 -- Appendix 3.A Galilean Afocal System 96 -- Appendix 3.B Keplerian Afocal System 98 -- References 99 -- CHAPTER 4 SMS 3D DESIGN METHOD 101 -- 4.1 Introduction 101 -- 4.2 State of the Art of Freeform Optical Design Methods 101 -- 4.3. SMS 3D Statement of the Optical Problem 103 -- 4.4 SMS Chains 104 -- 4.4.1 SMS Chain Generation 105 -- 4.4.2 Conditions 106 -- 4.5 SMS Surfaces 106 -- 4.5.1 SMS Ribs 107 -- 4.5.2 SMS Skinning 108 -- 4.5.3 Choosing the Seed Rib 109 -- 4.6 Design Examples 109 -- 4.6.1 SMS Design with a Prescribed Seed Rib 110 -- 4.6.2 SMS Design with an SMS Spine as Seed Rib 111 -- 4.6.3 Design of a Lens (RR) with Thin Edge 115 -- 4.6.4 Design of an XX Condenser for a Cylindrical Source 117 -- 4.6.5 Freeform XR for Photovoltaics Applications 129 -- 4.6.5.1 The XR Design Procedure 131 -- 4.6.5.2 Results of Ray Tracing Analysis 135 -- 4.7 Conclusions 140 -- References 144 -- CHAPTER 5 SOLAR CONCENTRATORS 147 -- 5.1 Concentrated Solar Radiation 147 -- 5.2 Acceptance Angle 148 -- 5.3 Imaging and Nonimaging Concentrators 156 -- 5.4 Limit Case of Infi nitesimal ƒEtendue: Aplanatic Optics 164 -- 5.5 3D Miñano-Benitez Design Method Applied to High Solar Concentration 171 -- 5.6 KŠohler Integration in One Direction 180 -- 5.7 KŠohler Integration in Two Directions 195 -- 5.8 Appendix 5.A Acceptance Angle of Square Concentrators 201 -- 5.9 Appendix 5.B Polychromatic Effi ciency 204 -- Acknowledgments 207 -- References 207 -- CHAPTER 6 LIGHTPIPE DESIGN 209 -- 6.1 Background and Terminology 209 -- 6.1.1 What is a Lightpipe 209.

6.1.2 Lightpipe History 210 -- 6.2 Lightpipe System Elements 211 -- 6.2.1 Source/Coupling 211 -- 6.2.2 Distribution/Transport 211 -- 6.2.3 Delivery/Output 212 -- 6.3 Lightpipe Ray Tracing 212 -- 6.3.1 TIR 212 -- 6.3.2 Ray Propagation 212 -- 6.4 Charting 213 -- 6.5 Bends 214 -- 6.5.1 Bent Lightpipe: Circular Bend 214 -- 6.5.1.1 Setup and Background 214 -- 6.5.2 Bend Index for No Leakage 215 -- 6.5.3 Refl ection at the Output Face 216 -- 6.5.4 Refl ected Flux for a Specifi c Bend 217 -- 6.5.5 Loss Because of an Increase in NA 218 -- 6.5.6 Other Bends 219 -- 6.6 Mixing Rods 220 -- 6.6.1 Overview 220 -- 6.6.2 Why Some Shapes Provide Uniformity 221 -- 6.6.3 Design Factors Infl uencing Uniformity 223 -- 6.6.3.1 Length 223 -- 6.6.3.2 Solid versus Hollow 223 -- 6.6.3.3 Periodic Distributions 224 -- 6.6.3.4 Coherence 224 -- 6.6.3.5 Angular Uniformity 224 -- 6.6.3.6 Circular Mixer with Ripples 225 -- 6.6.4 RGB LEDs 226 -- 6.6.4.1 RGB LEDs with Square Mixers 226 -- 6.6.4.2 RGB LEDs with Circular Mixers 227 -- 6.6.5 Tapered Mixers 228 -- 6.6.5.1 Length 229 -- 6.6.5.2 Straight Taper Plus Lens 229 -- 6.6.5.3 Angular Uniformity 231 -- 6.6.5.4 Straight + Diffuser + Taper 232 -- 6.7 Backlights 233 -- 6.7.1 Introduction 233 -- 6.7.2 Backlight Overview 234 -- 6.7.3 Optimization 235 -- 6.7.4 Parameterization 235 -- 6.7.4.1 Vary Number 236 -- 6.7.4.2 Vary Size 236 -- 6.7.5 Peak Density 237 -- 6.7.6 Merit Function 237 -- 6.7.7 Algorithm 238 -- 6.7.8 Examples 239 -- 6.7.8.1 Peaked Target Distribution 239 -- 6.7.8.2 Border Extractors 240 -- 6.7.8.3 Input Surface Texturing 241 -- 6.7.8.4 Variable Depth Extractors 242 -- 6.7.8.5 Inverted 3D Texture Structure 242 -- 6.7.8.6 Key Pads 244 -- 6.8 Nonuniform Lightpipe Shapes 245 -- 6.9 Rod Luminaire 246 -- Acknowledgments 247 -- References 247 -- CHAPTER 7 SAMPLING, OPTIMIZATION, AND TOLERANCING 251 -- 7.1 Introduction 251 -- 7.2 Design Tricks 253 -- 7.2.1 Monte Carlo Processes 254 -- 7.2.1.1 Monte Carlo Sources 254 -- 7.2.1.2 Monte Carlo Ray Tracing 255.

7.2.2 Reverse Ray Tracing 257 -- 7.2.3 Importance Sampling 260 -- 7.2.4 Far-Field Irradiance 263 -- 7.3 Ray Sampling Theory 266 -- 7.3.1 Transfer Effi ciency Determination 266 -- 7.3.2 Distribution Determination: Rose Model 268 -- 7.4 Optimization 272 -- 7.4.1 Geometrical Complexity 273 -- 7.4.1.1 CAD Geometry 274 -- 7.4.1.2 Variables and Parameterization 275 -- 7.4.1.3 Object Overlap, Interference, Linking, and Mapping 277 -- 7.4.2 Merit Function Designation and Calculation 280 -- 7.4.3 Optimization Methods 281 -- 7.4.4 Fractional Optimization with Example: LED Collimator 282 -- 7.5 Tolerancing 289 -- 7.5.1 Types of Errors 290 -- 7.5.2 System Error Sensitivity Analysis: LED Die Position Offset 290 -- 7.5.3 Process Error Case Study: Injection Molding 291 -- References 297 -- INDEX 299.