1: Teaching English in Difficult Circumstances: Setting the scene; Kuchah Kuchah -- Section I: Policy decisions and the creation of difficult circumstances -- 2: An almost invisible ‘difficult circumstance’: the large class; Hywel Coleman -- 3: Translanguaging as a pedagogical resource in English language teaching: A response to unplanned language education policies in Nepal; Prem Phyak -- Section II: Developing contextually responsive pedagogy and materials for TEDC -- 4: Promoting Learner Engagement in a Large University Level ESL Class in Pakistan; Bushra Ahmed Khurram -- 5: “We learn from simple way but big big thing”: promoting learner autonomy in large under-resourced classes; Ganga Ram Gautam and Zakia Sarwar -- 6: Using mobile to create low cost, high quality language learning opportunities: lessons from India and Bangladesh; Alexandra Tyers and Amy Lightfoot -- Section III: Difficult Circumstances in non-mainstream ELT: Contexts of confinement, conflict and Special needs -- 7: ‘I want to make the invisible visible’: Teacher motivation in Argentinian prison education; Darío Luis Banegas -- 8: ELT in a war-affected context: one teacher’s coping strategies and practical responses in a Syrian camp school; Abdulqader Alyasin -- 9: Resourcing the Under Resourced English Language Classroom in State Primary Special Education Schools in Buenos Aires, Argentina; Susan Hillyard -- Section IV: Approaches to teacher development in Difficult Circumstances -- 10: Towards a Project Based Approach to Teacher Development in Difficult Circumstances: The Case of 2 English Language Teachers' Professional Development in Cameroon; Gladys Focho. 11: Using Mediated Authentic Video as a potential innovative solution for training at scale: a view from Bangladesh; Mike Solly and Clare Woodward -- Conclusion -- 12: Teaching English in Difficult Circumstances: Lessons learnt and the way forward; Fauzia Shamim.